[1] Entry: "child." Webster's College Dictionary. Simon & Schuster, 1999. Definition 1a: "an unborn or recently born person."

[2] Entry: "Fetus." Black's Medical Dictionary. Edited by Dr. Harvey Marcovich. 41^st edition. Scarecrow Press, 2006. Pages 269-270. Page 269: "The name given to the unborn child after the eighth week of development."

[3] Entry: "baby." Webster's College Dictionary. Simon & Schuster, 1999. Definition 1a: "an extremely young child; especially: infant."

[4] Entry: "Neonatal Intensive Care." Black's Medical Dictionary. Edited by Dr. Harvey Marcovich. 41^st edition. Scarecrow Press, 2006. Page 487: "The provision of a dedicated unit with special facilities, including one-to-one nursing and appropriate technology, for caring for premature and seriously ill newborn babies."

[5] Entry: "fetus." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Encyclopćdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, 2004. The etymology of this word is: "Middle English, from Latin, act of bearing young, offspring; akin to Latin fetus newly delivered, fruitful— more at feminine."

[6] Entry: "fetus. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 29th edition. W. B. Saunders Company, 2000. Page 661:

the unborn offspring in the postembryonic period, after major structures have been outlined, in humans from nine weeks after fertilization until birth.

[7] Entry: "fetal. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 29th edition. W. B. Saunders Company, 2000. Page 661: "of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period."

[8] Textbook: Langman's Medical Embryology. By T. W. Sadler. Ninth edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. Page 117: "The period from the beginning of the ninth week to birth is known as the fetal period."

[9] Entry: "Fetus." Black's Medical Dictionary. Edited by Dr. Harvey Marcovich. 41^st edition. Scarecrow Press, 2006. Pages 269-270. Page 269: "The name given to the unborn child after the eighth week of development."

[10] For example, in April of 2001, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the "Unborn Victims of Violence Act." This bill would make it a crime for someone to harm a "child in utero." (It does not apply to any situation relating to an abortion with the consent of the mother.) The bill defines a child in utero as "a member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb." In their coverage of this vote, CNN, Reuters, the New York Times, Washington Post, ABC, USA Today, MSNBC, and CBS all used the word "fetus" or "fetal" as a blanket phrase for humans at any stage prior to birth. As shown by Black's Medical Dictionary and Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, their application of this term is inaccurate.

[11] For another example: Column: "Where's the Baby? The AP misses the point." By Kathryn Jean Lopez. National Review, March 13, 2002. http://www.nationalreview.com/nr_comment/nr_commentprint031302.html

{This column criticizes the Associated Press for misapplying the word "fetus" to humans who are born alive after an abortion. As shown by Black's Medical Dictionary and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, their application of this term is inaccurate. The same applies to the next example.}

[12] Article: "Obama's View on Abortion May Divide Catholics." By John M. Broder. New York Times, August 6, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/07/us/politics/07catholics.html

Republicans are gearing up campaigns to depict Mr. Obama as a radical on the question of abortion, because as a state senator in Illinois he opposed a ban on the killing of fetuses born alive.

[13] Press Release: "RCOG Statement on the article 'One baby in 30 left alive after medical termination' (Daily Mail, 20 April 2007)." Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, April 20, 2007. http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1925

If the fetus has had a lethal injection, it will normally die. However, there are some instances when there are signs of life at birth. All babies must be treated with dignity and respect. Palliative care should be provided till the baby dies where relevant.

{Note that the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists utilizes the word "baby" after the point of birth.}

[14] For another example: "Column: "Fetus or baby?" By Christine Chinlund. Boston Globe, February 17, 2003. http://www.boston.com/

Some pretty impartial sources, from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to Webster's Dictionary, say that any unborn child is considered a fetus.

{Later in the column, the author quotes the following definition of "fetus" from Webster's, which does not support the assertion she made: "An unborn offspring, especially in its later stages and specifically in humans, from about the eighth week after conception until birth." The author did not attempt to substantiate the claim about the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and I could find no such information on their website.}

[15] For another example: News Release: "States May Provide SCHIP Coverage for Prenatal Care." United States Department of Health and Human Services, September 27, 2002. http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002pres/20020927a.html

The final regulation, which will be published in the Federal Register on Wednesday, October 2, allows states to file a state plan amendment to use existing SCHIP funding for coverage for children from conception to birth and up to age 19.

{As the quote above explains, the regulation is applicable from the point of conception onwards, yet the following three articles use the word "fetus" to describe the beneficiaries.}

1) Article: "HHS Proposes Insurance for Fetuses; Opponents Call It a Ploy to Pave Way for Ban on Abortion." By Alan Cooperman & Amy Goldstein. Washington Post, February 1, 2002. Page A-01.

2) Article: " 'Unborn child' coverage moves ahead: Abortion rights advocates oppose the new regulation." By Catherine Berger. CNN, September 27, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/27/wh.unborn.child/index.html

The regulation allows states to expand eligibility to cover a fetus under the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) without having to receive a waiver from HHS.

3) Article: "Government Gives Fetuses 'Unborn Child' Status." Fox News (with contribution from the Associated Press), February 1, 2002. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,44448,00.html

[16] Book: English for Journalists. By Wynford Hicks. Second edition. Routledge, 1998. Page 73:

Jargon is specialized vocabulary, familiar to the members of a group, trade or profession. If you write for a newspaper or general magazine you should try to translate jargon into ordinary English whenever you can. …

A common source of jargon is scientific, medical, government and legal handouts.

[17] Book: The New Oxford Guide to Writing. By Thomas S. Kane. Oxford University Press, 1988. Page 199:

Jargon is technical language misused. Technical language, the precise diction demanded by any specialized trade or profession, is necessary when experts communicate with one another. It becomes jargon when it is applied outside the limits of technical discourse.

[18] Book: The New York Public Library Writer's Guide to Style and Usage. Edited by Andrea J. Sutcliffe. Stonesong Press/Harper Collins, 1994. Page 586:

When writing for a specialized audience—one familiar with the topic or field—a writer must use jargon; it is the common idiom. When writing for a lay audience or the general public, a writer should use jargon only when necessary and define it carefully. Where plain English serves equally well, it should be used instead.

[19] Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. W.B. Saunders Company, 2000. 29th edition. Page 770 defines a gravida as "a pregnant woman."

[20] For example, the following searches were performed on July 9, 2008:

* Gravida is the title of a publication of the Westchester Women's Poetry Collective.

† The website of ABC News does not have "AND" search capability, and so the search was performed through Google Advanced Search.

‡ The article is not written in English.

[21] Book: Writing for Journalists. By Wynford Hicks, Sally Adams & Harriet Gilbert. Routledge, 1999. Page 125:

This emphasis on plainness and simplicity has been repeated by those who lay down the law about journalistic style. The Economist Pocket Style Book, first published in the 1980s, quotes George Orwell's 'six elementary rules' from his famous essay, 'Politics and the English Language', written in 1946. …

5. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.

[22] Textbook: Before We Are Born - Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. By Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud. W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. Fifth edition. Page 500.

[23] Textbook: Human Life Before Birth. By Frank J. Dye. Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000.

[24] Textbook: Pediatric Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Poisoned Child. By Timothy B. Erickson, William R. Ahrens, Steven E. Aks, Carl R. Baum, Louis J. Ling. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Page 46: "The categories of human in utero exposure consist of maternal drugs of abuse, maternal environmental exposure, and maternal prescription drug use."

[25] Textbook: Review of Medical Physiology. By William F. Ganong. 22nd edition. McGraw Hill, 2005. Page 259: "Exposure of human females to androgen in utero does not change the cyclic pattern…"

[26] Entry: "abortion." American Heritage Dictionary of Science. Edited by Robert K. Barnhart. Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Page 2:

a   birth that occurs before the embryo or fetus develops enough to live on its own, usually during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy (spontaneous abortion)… SYN: miscarriage.

[27] Book: Color Atlas of Physiology. By Agamemnon Despopoulos & Stefan Silbernagl. Fifth edition. Thieme, 2003. Page 308: "Fertilization usually takes place on the first day after intercourse…"

[28] Textbook: Langman's Medical Embryology. By T. W. Sadler. Ninth edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. Page 122: "The oocyte is normally fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation. However, sperm deposited in the reproductive tract up to 6 days prior to ovulation can survive to fertilize oocytes. Thus, most pregnancies occur when sexual intercourse occurs within a 6-day period that ends on the day of ovulation."

[29] Book: Psychological Development and Early Childhood. By John Oates, Clare Wood & Andrew Grayson. Blackwell, 2005.Page 217 states that a 'genotype' is: "The complete set of genes present in an individual. The genotype is determined at fertilization when genetic information from the egg and sperm is combined. "

[30] Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. By the Mayo Clinic. Collins, 2004. Page 45 (section on fertilization): "This genetic material will determine your baby's sex, eye color, hair color, body size, facial features and – at least to some extent – intelligence and personality. … Your baby's sex is determined at the moment he or she is conceived."

[31] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Page 35 states that in the third week, "the brain has two lobes" and "the early spinal cord is bordered by the future vertebrae and muscle segments." A picture shows the brain lobes and spinal cord.

[32] Book: Gray's Anatomy - The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, 1995. Page 329 states that at 19-21 days, "The cranial half of the groove, representing developing brain, begins to develop cephalic flexure, optic primordia become visible…"

[33] College textbook: Biology: Investigating Life on Earth. By Vernon L. Avila. Second edition. Jones and Bartlett, 1995. Page 693: "First, the embryo has its own circulatory system, complete with a heart that started beating only 24 days after conception…"

[34] Book: Gray's Anatomy - The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, 1995. Page 329 states that at 21-27 days:

[P]rimary cerebral vesicles appear. … Rudimentary limb buds appear and the heart tubes fuse into a common loop in which contractile activity commences. The primordia of the thyroid gland, lungs, liver, pancreas, and mesonephric tubules are all identifiable.

[35] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Pages 52-53:

In the sixth and seventh weeks, nerves and muscles work together for the first time. If the area of the lips, the first to become sensitive to touch, is gently stroked, the baby, who then is still an embryo, responds by bending the upper body to one side and making a quick backward motion with the arms. This is called a "total pattern" response because it involves most of the body rather than the approximate local part."

{The details above are documented by photos. Page 52 notes, "All of the photographs in this book that show the movement of the baby are taken from" films made by Davenport Hooker at the University of Pittsburgh.}

[36] Book: Gray's Anatomy - The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, 1995. Page 329 states that in the 6^th and 7^th weeks, "The pontine flexure, cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are developing."

[37] Seven weeks after fertilization. Intrauterine picture taken under the direction of Professor Andrzej Skawina, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland); Antoni Marsinek, MD, The Czerwiakowski Gynecological and Obstetrics Hospital (Krakow, Poland); Photographers: Andrzej Zachwieja, Jan Walczewski. There are a number of different photographers who have taken intrauterine photos. We asked several individuals if we could use their pictures and Life Issues was the only one who gave us permission. The pictures from Life Issues look similar to those taken by the other photographers.

[38] Book: Gray's Anatomy - The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, 1995. Page 95:

When mammalian embryos reach a certain size, growth rather than morphogenesis occurs. The embryo is referred to as a fetus; this occurs at 56-57 postovulatory days in humans when the onset of bone marrow formation in the humerus can be seen (Streeter 1949); at this stage more than 90% of the named structures of the adult body have appeared.

[39] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Page 48:

The appearance of the first bone cells marks the end of the embryonic period. This criterion was chosen by embryologists because the beginning bone formation coincides with the essential completion of the body.

[40] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Pages 52-53: "By the beginning of this third month the baby moves spontaneously, without being touched, for the first time."

[41] Article: "Fetus." By Frank D. Allan in the Encyclopedia of Human Biology. Academic Press, 1997. Volume 3. Page 955 states that in the tenth week:

Division of the heart into chambers is complete, and a definitive vascular system carries blood to and from all parts of the body. … All components of the brain and spinal cord are formed, and nerves link the stem of the brain and the spinal cord to all tissues and organs of the body.

[42] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Pages 53-54:

In the ninth and tenth weeks, if the baby's forehead is touched, he may turn his head away and pucker up his brow and frown. … [T]he entire body becomes sensitive to touch with a notable exception: the sides, back and top of the head.

[43] Eleven weeks after fertilization. Intrauterine picture taken under the direction of Professor Andrzej Skawina, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland); Antoni Marsinek, MD, The Czerwiakowski Gynecological and Obstetrics Hospital (Krakow, Poland); Photographers: Andrzej Zachwieja, Jan Walczewski. There are a number of different photographers who have taken intrauterine photos. We asked several individuals if we could use their pictures and Life Issues was the only one who gave us permission. The pictures from Life Issues look similar to those taken by the other photographers.

[44] Article: "Fetus." By Frank D. Allan in the Encyclopedia of Human Biology. Academic Press, 1997. Volume 3. Page 962 states that in the third month, "Electrical activity of the nervous system is discernible… Attempts to suckle have been seen in utero and in aborted fetuses of 3 months."

[45] Textbook: Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. By Ricki Lewis. Third edition. McGraw Hill, 1998. Page 56: "By week 12, the fetus sucks its thumb, kicks, makes fists and faces, and has the beginnings of baby teeth."

[46] Ultrasound taken on November 25, 1997. Gestational age (GA) is 14 weeks and 4 days counted from the LMP. This falls under the category of 15 weeks after LMP and 13 weeks after fertilization.

[47] Textbook: Before We Are Born - Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. By Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud. W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. Fifth edition. Page 106: "Limb movements, which occur at the end of the embryonic period (8 weeks), become coordinated by the 14^th week, but are too slight to be felt by the mother."

[48] Book: Embryology (Board Review Series). By Ronald W. Dudek & James D. Fix. Second edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998. Page 246 states that in weeks 13-16, "Eye movements begin."

[49] Sixteen weeks after fertilization. Intrauterine picture taken under the direction of Professor Andrzej Skawina, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland); Antoni Marsinek, MD, The Czerwiakowski Gynecological and Obstetrics Hospital (Krakow, Poland); Photographers: Andrzej Zachwieja, Jan Walczewski. There are a number of different photographers who have taken intrauterine photos. We asked several individuals if we could use their pictures and Life Issues was the only one who gave us permission. The pictures from Life Issues look similar to those taken by the other photographers.

[50] Paper: "Pain and its Effects in the Human Neonate and Fetus." By K.J.S. Anand & P.R. Hickey. New England Journal of Medicine, November 19, 1987. Page 1322 states that "by 20 weeks each cortex has a full complement of 10⁹ neurons." {This article uses the obstetric method of counting from the last menstrual period as evidenced by the chart on page 1322, which uses a gestation of 40 weeks for pregnancy. Two weeks must be subtracted to provide the actual time since fertilization.}

[51] Article: "Brain." New Millennium Encyclopedia. Simon and Shuster, 1999.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain, making up approximately 85 percent of the brain's weight; its large surface area (cortex) and intricate development account for the superior intelligence of humans, compared with other animals. … A large part of the human cortex, the frontal area, is used for awareness, intelligence, and memory.

[52] Ultrasound taken on December 24, 1997. Gestational age (GA) is 19 weeks and 4 days counted from the last menstrual period. This falls under the category of 20 weeks after LMP and 18 weeks after fertilization.

[53] Article: "Fetus." American Medical Association Complete Medical Encyclopedia. Edited by Jerrold B. Leikin & Martin S. Lipsky. Random House, 2003. Page 558: "At 20 weeks, the fetus… now sleeps and wakes and hears sounds."

[54] Twenty weeks after fertilization. Intrauterine picture taken under the direction of Professor Andrzej Skawina, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland); Antoni Marsinek, MD, The Czerwiakowski Gynecological and Obstetrics Hospital (Krakow, Poland); Photographers: Andrzej Zachwieja, Jan Walczewski. There are a number of different photographers who have taken intrauterine photos. We asked several individuals if we could use their pictures and Life Issues was the only one who gave us permission. The pictures from Life Issues look similar to those taken by the other photographers.

[55] Ultrasound taken on May 31, 1999. Gestational age (GA) is 21 weeks and 5 days counted from the last menstrual period. This falls under the category of 22 weeks after LMP and 20 weeks after fertilization.

[56] Book: Embryology (Board Review Series). By Ronald W. Dudek & James D. Fix. Second edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998. Page 247: Weeks 21-24: "Blink-startle reflex is demonstrable on vibroacoustic stimulation of mother's abdomen."

[57] Entry: "Fetus." Encyclopedia of Human Biology. Academic Press, 1997. Volume 3. By Frank D. Allan. Page 962:

Taste buds are functional at 6 months, and the modality for sweetness is well differentiated. Increased "drinking" of the amniotic fluid is effected when sweet substances are introduced.

[58] Book: The First Nine Months of Life. By Geraldine Lux Flanagan. Simon & Shuster, 1962. Second edition. Page 71 states: "In the fifth and sixth months the grip becomes strong. This baby is holding a rod and moves his arm up and down as the rod is moved." {This is documented by a photo. Page 52 notes, "All of the photographs in this book that show the movement of the baby are taken from" films made by Davenport Hooker at the University of Pittsburgh.}

[59] Paper: "Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 Through December 1996." By James A. Lemons et al., including Avroy A. Fanaroff. Pediatrics, January 2001. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/1/e1

{Figure 3 is a bar graph of "Mortality before discharge by gestational age as estimated by best obstetrical estimate…" The term "obstetrical estimate" implies that the weeks are counted from LMP. To confirm, I wrote Dr. Fanaroff. He replied: "We do not try to get to the issue of day of conception hence when we refer to gestational age we are always going back to the Last Menstrual Period." The graph indicates that the mortality rate at a gestational age (LMP) of 26 weeks is less than 20%. Hence, the survival rate at 24 weeks after fertilization is more than 80%.}

[60] Paper: "Pain and its Effects in the Human Neonate and Fetus." By K.J.S. Anand & P.R. Hickey. New England Journal of Medicine, November 19, 1987. Page 1325:

Most recently the motor responses of 124 healthy full-term neonates to a pinprick in the leg were reported to be flexion and adduction of the upper and lower limbs associated with grimacing, crying, or both, and these responses were subsequently quantified. Similar responses have also been documented in very premature neonates, and in a recent study, Fitzgerald et al. found that premature neonates (<30 weeks) not only had lower thresholds for a flexor response but also had increased sensitization after repeated stimulation.

Page 1325:

In other studies of the cry response to painful procedures, neonates were found to be more sensitive to pain than older infants (those 3 to 12 months old)…

{This article uses the obstetric method of counting from the last menstrual period, as evidenced by the chart on page 1322, which uses a gestation of 40 weeks for pregnancy. Two weeks must be subtracted to provide the actual time since fertilization.}

[61] Paper: "Symptom Management: Acute Pain, Chapter 3 - Pain in Preverbal Children." United States National Institutes of Health, Publication Number 94-2421. June 1994. http://www.nih.gov/

Page 2 cites one possible reason why younger humans are more sensitive to pain:

Serotonin (5HT) is a biogenic amine transmitter that serves an important role in pain modulation. … Serotonin levels in the young infants are low and may limit the effectiveness of the endogenous pain control mechanisms (Fitzgerald 1991b).

[62] Paper: "Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 Through December 1996." By James A. Lemons et al., including Avroy A. Fanaroff. Pediatrics, January 2001. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/1/e1

{Figure 3 is a bar graph of "Mortality before discharge by gestational age as estimated by best obstetrical estimate…" The term "obstetrical estimate" implies that the weeks are counted from LMP. To confirm, I wrote Dr. Fanaroff. He replied: "We do not try to get to the issue of day of conception hence when we refer to gestational age we are always going back to the Last Menstrual Period." The graph indicates that the mortality rate at a gestational age (LMP) of 30 weeks is a little less than 5%. Hence, the survival rate at 28 weeks after fertilization is more than 95%.}

[63] Textbook: Before We Are Born - Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. By Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud. W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. Fifth edition. Page 109: "The expected date of delivery (EDD) of a fetus is 266 days, or 38 weeks, after fertilization; that is, 280 days, or 40 weeks, after LNMP (Table 7-1)." 

[64] 2008 Democratic Party Platform: "Renewing America's Promise." Democratic National Committee, August 25, 2008. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=78283

The section entitled "Choice" states:

The Democratic Party strongly and unequivocally supports Roe v. Wade and a woman's right to choose a safe and legal abortion, regardless of ability to pay, and we oppose any and all efforts to weaken or undermine that right.

The Democratic Party also strongly supports access to comprehensive affordable family planning services and age-appropriate sex education which empower people to make informed choices and live healthy lives. We also recognize that such health care and education help reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and thereby also reduce the need for abortions.

The Democratic Party also strongly supports a woman's decision to have a child by ensuring access to and availability of programs for pre- and post-natal health care, parenting skills, income support, and caring adoption programs.

[65] 2008 Republican Platform. Republican National Convention, August 26, 2008. http://www.gopplatform2008.com/2008Platform.pdf

[66] Search performed on May 27, 2008 at http://thomas.loc.gov/. Bill texts from the 101^st to 110^th Congresses searched for: "amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life." Sample result:

H. J. RES. 23

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

January 4, 1995

Mr. VOLKMER [Harold L. Volkmer (Democrat – Missouri)] introduced the following joint resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

JOINT RESOLUTION

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

Article—

SECTION 1. With respect to the right to life, the word `person' as used in this article and in the fifth and fourteenth articles of amendment to the Constitution of the United States applies to all human beings irrespective of age, health, function, or condition of dependency, including their unborn offspring at every state of their biological development.

SECTION 2. No unborn person shall be deprived of life by any person: Provided, however, That nothing in this article shall prohibit a law permitting only those medical procedures required to prevent the death of the mother.

SECTION 3. The Congress and the several States shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

SECTION 4. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, within ten years of the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

[67] Search performed on May 27, 2008 at http://thomas.loc.gov/. Bill texts from the 101^st to 110^th Congresses searched for: "amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life." Sample result:

H. J. RES. 9

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

January 7, 2003

Mrs. EMERSON [Jo Ann Emerson (Republican -Missouri)] introduced the following joint resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

JOINT RESOLUTION

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to the right to life.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid only when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years after the date of final passage of this joint resolution:

Article—

SECTION 1. With respect to the right to life, the word `person' as used in this article and in the fifth and fourteenth articles of amendment applies to all human beings irrespective of age, health, function, or condition of dependency, including their unborn offspring at every state of their biological development.

SECTION 2. No unborn person shall be deprived of life by any person: Provided, however, That nothing in this article shall prohibit a law permitting only those medical procedures required to prevent the death of the mother of an unborn person: Provided further, That nothing in this article shall limit the liberty of a mother with respect to the unborn offspring of the mother conceived as a result of rape or incest.

SECTION 3. The Congress and the several States shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

[68] Home page of the National Right to Life Political Action Committee. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.nrlpac.org/

National Right to Life PAC supports Senator John McCain for election as President of the United States and strongly opposes Barack Obama.

[69] Press release: "National Right to Life Praises Palin." National Right to Life, August 29, 2008. http://nrlc.org/press_releases_new/Release082908.html

[70] Press release: "FFL Member Nominated for Vice President of the United States." Feminists for Life, August 29, 2008. http://www.feministsforlife.org/news/ffl-member-sarah-palin-vp.htm

[71] Web page: FFL's Mission: Page 2. Feminists for Life, Accessed August 2008 at http://www.feministsforlife.org/who/joinus.htm

[72] Web page: "NARAL Pro-Choice America PAC endorses Sen. Barack Obama for President!" Accessed June 20, 2008. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/elections/statements/obama.html

[73] Web page: "Senator John McCain (R-AZ)." Accessed June 21, 2008.

http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/elections/statements/mccain.html

[74] Press release: "Statement from NARAL Pro-Choice America on Sen. Barack Obama's Vice-Presidential Selection." NARAL Pro-Choice America, August 23, 2008. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/elections/election-pr/pr08232008_bidenpick.html

[75] NARAL's rating of Biden's voting record for all years in which they issued a numerical score for him:

Data compiled from the following sources:

1) Web page: "Delaware: Senate Pro-Choice Score." NARAL Pro-Choice America, August 25, 2008. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/choice-action-center/in-congress/...

2) Web page: "Voting Record: Senator Joe Biden (D‐DE)." NARAL Pro-Choice America, May 11, 2007. Previously located at www.prochoiceamerica.org/elections/statements/candidate-record-biden.pdf (currently unavailable).

[76] Press release: "McCain Selects Anti-Choice Sarah Palin as Running Mate." NARAL Pro-Choice America, August 29, 2008. http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/

[77] Article: "Barack Obama, John McCain discuss faith, issues at Saddleback Church forum." By Maeve Reston and Seema Mehta. Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2008. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-saddleback17-...

[78] Obama was asked a similar question several months earlier at a "Democratic Candidates Compassion Forum at Messiah College." CNN, April 13, 2008. A video clip of this exchange is available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0YxdV3J4Jw

Moderator: "Senator, do you personally believe that life begins at conception, and if not, when does it begin?"

Obama: "You know, I, I, um – this is something that I have not, ah, I think come to a firm resolution on. Ah, I think it's very hard to know what that means, when life begins. Is it when a cell separates? Is it when, ah, the soul stirs? Ah, so I don't presume to, to know the answer to that question. Ah, what I know, ah, as I've said before, is, is that, ah, there is something extraordinarily powerful about potential life and that, ah, that has a moral weight to it that, ah, we take into consideration when we're having these debates. …"

[79] Article: "Barack Obama, John McCain discuss faith, issues at Saddleback Church forum." By Maeve Reston and Seema Mehta. Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2008. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-saddleback17-...

[80] Article: "Zubik immerses himself in March for Life." By Ann Rodgers. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 23, 2008. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08023/851345-84.stm

[81] Article: "McCain: Won't Rule Out Pro-choice Running Mate." By Stephen F. Hayes. Weekly Standard, August 13, 2008. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/...

I think that the pro-life position is one of the important aspects or fundamentals of the Republican Party," McCain said. "And I also feel that--and I'm not trying to equivocate here--that Americans want us to work together. You know, Tom Ridge is one of the great leaders and he happens to be pro-choice. And I don't think that that would necessarily rule Tom Ridge out.

[82] Article: "McCain Still Wants GOP's Abortion Platform Changed." By Teddy Davis. ABC News, April 16, 2007. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/04/mccain_still_wa.html

[83] Article: "McCain Softens Abortion Stand." By Terry M. Neal. Washington Post, August 24, 1999. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/...

McCain has a long antiabortion record in his 17-year congressional career. He has said he opposes abortion with the exceptions of rape, incest and to prevent a woman's death. In a National Right to Life Committee questionnaire last year, he answered "yes" when asked if he supported the complete reversal of Roe v. Wade.

[84] Article: "McCain Makes Conflicting Statements on Abortion." National Right to Life News, September 14, 1999.

Moreover, on July 22, 1998, McCain filled out, signed, and returned NRLC's 1998 Congressional Candidate Questionnaire, on which McCain was asked, "Do you support the complete reversal of the Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton decisions, thereby allowing the state legislatures and the Congress to once again protect unborn children?" McCain responded, "Yes."

 

[85] Article: "McCain Gets Boost From Bush's Troubles: Senator greeted warmly at Commonwealth Club." By Carla Marinucci. San Francisco Chronicle, August 20, 1999. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/08/20/MN75761.DTL

[86] Article: "McCain's Abortion Stance Is Angering Both Sides." By Carla Marinucci. San Francisco Chronicle, August 25, 1999. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/08/25/MN54171.DTL

[87] Web page: "Human Dignity and the Sanctity of Life." John McCain 2008. Accessed June 20, 2008. http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/issues/95b18512-d5b6-456e-...

John McCain believes Roe v. Wade is a flawed decision that must be overturned, and as president he will nominate judges who understand that courts should not be in the business of legislating from the bench.

Constitutional balance would be restored by the reversal of Roe v. Wade, returning the abortion question to the individual states. The difficult issue of abortion should not be decided by judicial fiat.

However, the reversal of Roe v. Wade represents only one step in the long path toward ending abortion. Once the question is returned to the states, the fight for life will be one of courage and compassion - the courage of a pregnant mother to bring her child into the world and the compassion of civil society to meet her needs and those of her newborn baby. The pro-life movement has done tremendous work in building and reinforcing the infrastructure of civil society by strengthening faith-based, community, and neighborhood organizations that provide critical services to pregnant mothers in need. This work must continue and government must find new ways to empower and strengthen these armies of compassion. These important groups can help build the consensus necessary to end abortion at the state level. As John McCain has publicly noted, "At its core, abortion is a human tragedy. To effect meaningful change, we must engage the debate at a human level."

[88] "Obama Statement on 35th Anniversary of Roe v. Wade Decision." January 22, 2008. http://www.barackobama.com/2008/01/22/...

Thirty-five years after the Supreme Court decided Roe v. Wade, it's never been more important to protect a woman's right to choose. Last year, the Supreme Court decided by a vote of 5-4 to uphold the Federal Abortion Ban, and in doing so undermined an important principle of Roe v. Wade: that we must always protect women's health. With one more vacancy on the Supreme Court, we could be looking at a majority hostile to a women's fundamental right to choose for the first time since Roe v. Wade. The next president may be asked to nominate that Supreme Court justice. That is what is at stake in this election. …

This anniversary reminds us that it's not enough to protect the gains of the past – we have to build a future that's filled with hope and possibility for all Americans.

[89] Speech: "Barack Obama before Planned Parenthood Action Fund." July 17, 2007. Transcribed by Laura Echevarria. http://lauraetch.googlepages.com/barackobamabeforeplanned...

I have worked on these issues for decades now. I put Roe at the center of my lesson plan on reproductive freedom when I taught Constitutional Law. …

On this fundamental issue, I will not yield and Planned Parenthood will not yield.

[90] Press Release: "On Anniversary Of Roe, Clinton Announces Agenda For Reproductive Health Care. Hillary for President, January 22, 2008. http://www.hillaryclinton.com/news/release/view/?id=5404

When I'm President, I will appoint judges to our courts who understand that Roe v. Wade isn't just binding legal precedent, it is the touchstone of our reproductive freedom, the embodiment of our most fundamental rights, and no one - no judge, no governor, no Senator, no President - has the right to take it away.

[91] Article: "Q&A: Barack Obama." Interview by Sarah Pulliam and Ted Olsen. Christianity Today, January 23, 2008. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html

"Ultimately, women are in the best position to make a decision at the end of the day about these issues. With significant constraints. For example, I think we can legitimately say — the state can legitimately say — that we are prohibiting late-term abortions as long as there's an exception for the mother's health. Those provisions that I voted against typically didn't have those exceptions, which raises profound questions where you might have a mother at great risk."

[92] Article: "Clinton Seeking Shared Ground Over Abortions." By Patrick D. Healy. New York Times, January 25, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/nyregion/25clinton.html

"Mrs. Clinton supported a proposed ban on late-term abortions as long as it included an exception to protect the health of the mother; in turn, she has opposed such a ban when it lacked that exception."

[93] "Interview with Barack Obama." By Cameron Strang. Conducted on July 1, 2008. Relevant Magazine. http://www.relevantmagazine.com/life_article.php?id=7591

[94] Blog: "Obama revisits abortion." By Jan Crawford Greenburg. ABC News, July 05, 2008. http://blogs.abcnews.com/legalities/2008/07/obama-revisits.html

[95] Ruling: "Roe v. Wade." U.S. Supreme Court, January 22, 1973. Case 410 U.S. 113. Decided 7-2. Majority: Blackmun, Burger, Brennan, Douglas, Stewart, Marshall, Powell. Concurring: Burger, Douglas, Stewart. Dissenting: White, Rehnquist. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=410&invol=113

Section XI:

For the stage subsequent to viability the State, in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life, may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.

Section VIII:

Specific and direct harm medically diagnosable even in early pregnancy may be involved. Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. There is also the distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. All these are factors the woman and her responsible physician necessarily will consider in consultation.

Section XI:

In Doe v. Bolton, post, p. 179, procedural requirements contained in one of the modern abortion statutes are considered. That opinion and this one, of course, are to be read together.

[96] Ruling: "Doe v. Bolton." U.S. Supreme Court, January 22, 1973. Case 410 U.S. 179. Decided 7-2. Majority: Blackmun, Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Powell. Concurring: Burger, Douglas. Dissenting: White, Rehnquist.

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=179

Section IV:

C. … the medical judgment may be exercised in the light of all factors -- physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age -- relevant to the well-being of the patient. All these factors may relate to health. …

D. The appellants next argue that the District Court should have declared unconstitutional three procedural demands of the Georgia statute: … (2) that the procedure be approved by the hospital staff abortion committee; and (3) that the performing physician's judgment be confirmed by the independent examinations of the patient by two other licensed physicians. …

We conclude that the interposition of the hospital abortion committee is unduly restrictive of the patient's rights and needs that, at this point, have already been medically delineated and substantiated by her personal physician. …

There remains, however, the required confirmation by two Georgia-licensed physicians in addition to the recommendation of the pregnant woman's own consultant (making under the statute, a total of six physicians involved, including the three on the hospital's abortion committee). We conclude that this provision, too, must fall.

The statute's emphasis, as has been repetitively noted, is on the attending physician's "best clinical judgment that an abortion is necessary." That should be sufficient. The reasons for the presence of the confirmation step in the statute are perhaps apparent, but they are insufficient to withstand constitutional challenge. … If a physician is licensed by the State, he is recognized by the State as capable of exercising acceptable clinical judgment. … If a physician is licensed by the State, he is recognized by the State as capable of exercising acceptable clinical judgment.

[97] Article: "Obama Abortion Dodges Blessed by Planned Parenthood." By Teddy Davis. ABC News, July 17, 2007. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/07/obama-abortion-.html

Speaking to ABC News as Obama was preparing to… [address] Planned Parenthood's national conference in Washington, D.C…

[98] Speech: "Barack Obama before Planned Parenthood Action Fund." July 17, 2007. Transcribed by Laura Echevarria. http://lauraetch.googlepages.com/barackobamabeforeplanned...

[99] Speech: "Barack Obama before Planned Parenthood Action Fund." July 17, 2007. Transcribed by Laura Echevarria. http://lauraetch.googlepages.com/barackobamabeforeplanned...

[Question from Dessa Cosma]

[100] Bill: "S.1173 - Freedom of Choice Act." Introduced in the United States Senate, April 19, 2007. http://thomas.loc.gov/

To protect, consistent with Roe v. Wade, a woman's freedom to choose to bear a child or terminate a pregnancy, and for other purposes.

[Introduced by Barbara Boxer (D-California) for herself, Patty Murray (D-Washington), Debbie Stabenow (D-Michigan), Jeff Bingaman (D-New Mexico), Robert Menendez (D-New Jersey), Frank Lautenberg (D-New Jersey), Benjamin Cardin (D-Maryland), Chuck Schumer (D-New York), Diane Feinstein (D-California), Hillary Clinton (D-New York), Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland), Max Baucus (D-Montana), Maria Cantwell (D-Washington).]

[101] Congressional Record S6017. United States Senate, May 11, 2007. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?...

At the request of Mrs. BOXER, the name of the Senator from Illinois (Mr. OBAMA) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1173, a bill to protect, consistent with Roe v. Wade, a woman's freedom to choose to bear a child or terminate a pregnancy, and for other purposes.

[102] Bill: "S.1173 - Freedom of Choice Act." Introduced in the United States Senate, April 19, 2007. http://thomas.loc.gov/

SEC. 4. INTERFERENCE WITH REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROHIBITED. …

(b) Prohibition of Interference- A government may not-

(1) deny or interfere with a woman's right to choose—

(A) to bear a child;

(B) to terminate a pregnancy prior to viability; or

(C) to terminate a pregnancy after viability where termination is necessary to protect the life or health of the woman; or

(2) discriminate against the exercise of the rights set forth in paragraph (1) in the regulation or provision of benefits, facilities, services, or information. …

SEC. 6. RETROACTIVE EFFECT.

This Act applies to every Federal, State, and local statute, ordinance, regulation, administrative order, decision, policy, practice, or other action enacted, adopted, or implemented before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act.

[103] Transcript: "Meet the Press, Guest: Howard Dean (Chairman of the Democratic Party)." NBC News, May 22, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7924139/

[104] Web page: "The Guttmacher Institute's Future." Approved by the Guttmacher Institute's Board of Directors, June 23, 2005. http://www.guttmacher.org/about/mission.html

Guiding Principles …

The Institute works to protect, expand and equalize access to information, services and rights that will enable women and men to …

     • exercise the right to choose abortion …

[105] Paper: "Abortion in the United States: Incidence and Access to Services, 2005." By Rachel K. Jones & others (all with the Guttmacher Institute). Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, March 2008. Pages 6-16. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/4000608.pdf

Data extracted from Table 1 on page 9:

NOTE: The Guttmacher Institute was contacted in September of 2008 to see if any later numbers were available. They responded: "Our most recent abortion data are from 2005. In order to comprehensively gather the number of abortions, we have to survey every known abortion provider in the United States. This process is very time consuming and expensive and therefore, our studies can only be undertaken every few years."

[106] Article: "Howard Dean's Abortion Contortions." By John McCormack. Weekly Standard, June 12, 2008. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/...

NOTE: This article provided the roadmap to the related facts above and below.

[107] Article: "Rights Without Access: Revisiting Public Funding of Abortion for Poor Women." By Heather Boonstra and Adam Sonfield. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, April 2000. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/03/2/gr030208.html

[108] Web page: "Health Care: Barack Obama's Plan." Accessed June 23, 2008. http://www.barackobama.com/issues/healthcare/

• Obama's Plan to Cover Uninsured Americans: Obama will make available a new national health plan to all Americans, including the self-employed and small businesses, to buy affordable health coverage that is similar to the plan available to members of Congress. The Obama plan will have the following features:

• Guaranteed eligibility. No American will be turned away from any insurance plan because of illness or pre-existing conditions.

• Comprehensive benefits. The benefit package will be similar to that offered through Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), the plan members of Congress have. The plan will cover all essential medical services, including preventive, maternity and mental health care.

[109] Article: "Democrats pledge support for wide access to abortion." By Mike Dorning. Chicago Tribune, Jul 18, 2007. http://www.chicagotribune.com

Asked about his proposal for expanded access to health insurance, Obama said it would cover "reproductive-health services." Contacted afterward, an Obama spokesman said that included abortions.

[110] The Constitution of the United States. Signed September 17, 1787. Enacted June 21, 1788. http://justfacts.com/constitution.asp

Article 2, Clause 2, Section 2:

[The President] with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court…

[111] Report: "Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate." By Richard S. Beth & Stanley Bach. Congressional Research Service, Updated March 28, 2003. http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30360.pdf

Summary (page 2 in pdf):

The filibuster is widely viewed as one of the Senate's most characteristic procedural features. Filibustering includes any use of dilatory or obstructive tactics to block a measure by preventing it from coming to a vote. The possibility of filibusters exists because Senate rules place few limits on Senators' rights and opportunities in the legislative process. …

Senate Rule XXII, however, known as the "cloture rule," enables Senators to

end a filibuster on any debatable matter the Senate is considering. Sixteen Senators

initiate this process by presenting a motion to end the debate. The Senate does not vote on this cloture motion until the second day after the motion is made. Then it usually requires the votes of at least three-fifths of all Senators (normally 60 votes) to invoke cloture. Invoking cloture on a proposal to amend the Senate's standing rules requires the support of two-thirds of the Senators present and voting.

Page CRS-10:

Invoking cloture usually requires a three-fifths vote of the entire Senate—"three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn." If there are no vacancies, therefore, 60 Senators must vote to invoke cloture. In contrast, most other votes require only a simple majority (that is, 51%) of the Senators present and voting, assuming that those Senators constitute a quorum. In the case of a cloture vote, the key is the number of Senators voting for cloture, not the number voting against. Failing to vote on a cloture motion has the same effect as voting against the motion: it deprives the motion of one of the 60 votes needed to agree to it.

There is an important exception to the three-fifths requirement to invoke cloture. Under Rule XXII, an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Senators present and voting is required to invoke cloture on a measure or motion to amend the Senate rules. This exception has its origin in the recent history of the cloture rule. Before 1975, two-thirds of the Senators present and voting (a quorum being present) was required for cloture on all matters. In early 1975, at the beginning of the 94^th Congress, Senators sought to amend the rule to make it somewhat easier to invoke cloture. However, some Senators feared that if this effort succeeded, that would only make it easier to amend the rule again, making cloture still easier to invoke. As a compromise, the Senate agreed to move from a maximum of 67 votes (two-thirds of the Senators present and voting) to a minimum of 60 votes (three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn) on all matters except future rules changes, including changes in the cloture rule itself.¹¹

[112] "Standing Rules of the Senate: Rule XXII: Precedence Of Motions." Accessed June 20, 2008. http://rules.senate.gov/senaterules/rule22.php

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of rule II or rule IV or any other rule of the Senate, at any time a motion signed by sixteen Senators, to bring to a close the debate upon any measure, motion, other matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business, is presented to the Senate, the Presiding Officer, or clerk at the direction of the Presiding Officer, shall at once state the motion to the Senate, and one hour after the Senate meets on the following calendar day but one, he shall lay the motion before the Senate and direct that the clerk call the roll, and upon the ascertainment that a quorum is present, the Presiding Officer shall, without debate, submit to the Senate by a yea-and-nay vote the question:

"Is it the sense of the Senate that the debate shall be brought to a close?" And if that question shall be decided in the affirmative by three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn -- except on a measure or motion to amend the Senate rules, in which case the necessary affirmative vote shall be two-thirds of the Senators present and voting -- then said measure, motion, or other matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business, shall be the unfinished business to the exclusion of all other business until disposed of.

Thereafter no Senator shall be entitled to speak in all more than one hour on the measure, motion, or other matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business, the amendments thereto, and motions affecting the same, and it shall be the duty of the Presiding Officer to keep the time of each Senator who speaks. Except by unanimous consent, no amendment shall be proposed after the vote to bring the debate to a close, unless it had been submitted in writing to the Journal Clerk by 1 o'clock p.m. on the day following the filing of the cloture motion if an amendment in the first degree, and unless it had been so submitted at least one hour prior to the beginning of the cloture vote if an amendment in the second degree. No dilatory motion, or dilatory amendment, or amendment not germane shall be in order. Points of order, including questions of relevancy, and appeals from the decision of the Presiding Officer, shall be decided without debate.

After no more than thirty hours of consideration of the measure, motion, or other matter on which cloture has been invoked, the Senate shall proceed, without any further debate on any question, to vote on the final disposition thereof to the exclusion of all amendments not then actually pending before the Senate at that time and to the exclusion of all motions, except a motion to table, or to reconsider and one quorum call on demand to establish the presence of a quorum (and motions required to establish a quorum) immediately before the final vote begins. The thirty hours may be increased by the adoption of a motion, decided without debate, by a three-fifths affirmative vote of the Senators duly chosen and sworn, and any such time thus agreed upon shall be equally divided between and controlled by the Majority and Minority Leaders or their designees. However, only one motion to extend time, specified above, may be made in any one calendar day.

[113] The Constitution of the United States. Signed September 17, 1787. Enacted June 21, 1788. http://justfacts.com/constitution.asp

Article III, Section 1:

The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour…

Article II, Section 4:

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5:

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Article I, Section 3, Clause 6:

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. … And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

[114] Web page: "Public Funding for Abortion." ACLU, July 21, 2004. Accessed July 2008 at http://www.aclu.org/reproductiverights/lowincome/16393res20040721.html

[115] Web page: "Oppose Taxpayer Subsidies for Religious Schools." ACLU, March 19, 2003. Accessed July 2008 at http://www.aclu.org/religion/vouchers/16160res20030319.html

[116] Web page: "Five Ways to Prevent Abortion (And One Way That Won't)." Planned Parenthood. January 1, 2004. Updated 9/22/06. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/issues-action/abortion/...

[117] Fact Sheet: "Abortion after the First Trimester." Planned Parenthood. Accessed October 2002 at http://www.plannedparenthood.org/

Presently the death rate from abortion at all stages of gestation is 0.6 per 100,000 procedures (Paul et al., 1999).

NOTE: "Paul et al., 1999" is a secondary source that cites the CDC. See next note.

[118] Book: A Clinician's Guide to Medical and Surgical Abortion. By Maureen Paul & others. Churchill Livingstone, 1999. Page 19:

In the United States mortality [from abortion] was (per 100,000) 2.6 during the period 1972-1976, 0.9 in 1977-1981, 0.7 in 1982-1986, and 0.6 in 1987-1991 (based on deaths reported by the CDC and number of abortions from AGI).

NOTE: This corresponds to the figure for subsequent years quoted in the next note.

[119] Document: "Abortion Surveillance Fact Sheet." National Center for Chronic

Disease Prevention & Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, updated June 7, 2002. http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs020606b.htm

The case-fatality rate for known legal induced abortion for 1993 to 1997 was 0.6 deaths per 100,000 legal abortions.

[120] Report: "Abortion Surveillance -- United States, 1996." By Lisa M. Koonin and others. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention

and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, July 30, 1999. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss4804a1.htm

Table 19.

NOTE: The data in this source and the sources cited in the next note come from different divisions of the CDC and are at variance with one another due to methodological dissimilarities. It was necessary to use data from both divisions because the data from this source only goes back to 1972 and the sources in the next note do not isolate legal vs. illegal abortion-related deaths.

[121] Constructed with data from the following sources:

1) Report: "Table 290F. Deaths For Approximately 64 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1950-59." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx1950_59.pdf

Page 169 (in pdf).

2) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 60 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1960-67." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/dx196067.pdf

Page 169 (in pdf).

3) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 69 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1968-78." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx196878.pdf

Page 358 (in pdf).

4) Report: "Resident population by age, color, and sex: United States, 1950-1959." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Mailed to Just Facts from the aforementioned agency, August 7, 2008.

5) Report: "Population by age groups, race, and sex for 1960-97." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/pop6097.pdf

Pages 19, 21 (in pdf).

[122] Report: "Maternal Mortality Surveillance, United States, 1980-1985." By Lisa M. Koonin & others. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 1, 1988. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001754.htm

Finally, the coding system used by national vital statistics and states to describe maternal deaths includes a combination of outcomes of pregnancy (e.g. ectopic pregnancy, abortion), immediate causes of death (e.g., hemorrhage), and underlying obstetrical conditions that contribute to death (e.g., obstructed labor). This system of classification precludes a determination of the real causes of maternal death. To develop strategies to prevent maternal deaths, public health personnel need to know the immediate cause of death as well as the underlying conditions that led to death.

[123] Constructed with data from the following sources:

1) Report: "Table 290F. Deaths For Approximately 64 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1950-59." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx1950_59.pdf

Page 167 (in pdf).

2) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 60 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1960-67." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/dx196067.pdf

Page 167 (in pdf).

3) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 69 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1968-78." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx196878.pdf

Page 363 (in pdf).

4) Report: "Resident population by age, color, and sex: United States, 1950-1959." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mailed to Just Facts from the aforementioned agency, August 7, 2008.

5) Report: "Population by age groups, race, and sex for 1960-97." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/pop6097.pdf

Pages 19, 21 (in pdf).

[124] Report: "Maternal Mortality Surveillance, United States, 1980-1985." By Lisa M. Koonin & others. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 1, 1988. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001754.htm

Death certificates alone may not provide adequate information on the sequence of events that led to death. Ultimately a single code is assigned to classify the underlying cause of death. Often, however, several factors may contribute to a death; therefore, the death cannot be adequately described with a unidimensional code.

[125] Constructed with data from the following sources:

1) Report: "Table 290F. Deaths For Approximately 64 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1950-59." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx1950_59.pdf

Pages 1, 43, 199, 208 (in pdf).

2) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 60 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1960-67." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/dx196067.pdf

Pages 1, 40, 200, 210 (in pdf).

3) Report: "Table 290A. Deaths For 69 Selected Causes, By 10-Year Age Groups, Race, And Sex: United States, 1968-78." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dx196878.pdf

Pages 2, 73, 406, 422 (in pdf).

4) Report: "Resident population by age, color, and sex: United States, 1950-1959." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mailed to Just Facts from the aforementioned agency, August 7, 2008.

5) Report: "Population by age groups, race, and sex for 1960-97." National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/pop6097.pdf

Pages 19, 21 (in pdf).

[126] "Fact Sheet: Abortion After the First Trimester in the United States." Lead author: John Mugge. Revised by Deborah Golub. Planned Parenthood, 2004. Current as of May 2007. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/PPFA/fact-trimester-abortion.pdf

Page 3:

The risk of death from medication abortion through 63 days' gestation is about one per 100,000 procedures (Grimes, 2005). The risk of death with surgical abortion is about one per 1,000,000 through 63 days' gestation (Bartlett et al., 2004). The risk of death from miscarriage is about one per 100,000 (Saraiya et al., 1999). But the risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as that associated with all abortion (Christiansen & Collins, 2006).

[127] "Pregnancy-Associated Deaths: A 15-Year Retrospective Study and Overall Review of Maternal Pathophysiology." By Lydia R. Christiansen & Kim A. Collins. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, March 2006. Pages 11-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16501342

Page 11:

Pregnancy-related death is defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death. In the year 2000, a collaborative effort involving World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and UNFPA estimated 660 maternal deaths in the United States. This averages 11 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births reported.

Page 13:

The risk of death from complications of pregnancy decreased approximately 99% during the 20^th century, from approximately 850 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1900 to 7.5 in 1982.⁴

Page 18:

It is evident that homicides, suicides, and accidents account for a large proportion of pregnancy-related deaths.

{Note that the figures from 'Christiansen & Collins, 2006' cannot be used as a comparator for the others studies cited by Planned Parenthood in the note above (i.e., Grimes, Bartlett) because these studies are limited by gestational age and do not apply to "all abortion."}

[128] Fact Sheet: "Abortion after the First Trimester." Planned Parenthood. Accessed October 2002 at http://www.plannedparenthood.org.

Presently the death rate from abortion at all stages of gestation is 0.6 per 100,000 procedures (Paul et al., 1999). The risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as that associated with abortion (AGI, 1998).

NOTE: "Paul et al., 1999" and "AGI, 1998" are secondary sources that cite the CDC. See next two notes.

[129] Book: A Clinician's Guide to Medical and Surgical Abortion. By Maureen Paul & others. Churchill Livingstone, 1999. Page 19:

In the United States mortality [from abortion] was (per 100,000) 2.6 during the period 1972-1976, 0.9 in 1977-1981, 0.7 in 1982-1986, and 0.6 in 1987-1991 (based on deaths reported by the CDC and number of abortions from AGI).

[130] Web page: "Facts in Brief \Induced Abortion." Alan Guttmacher Institute. Accessed October 2002 at http://www.agi-usa.org/

The risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as that associated with abortion. …

The data in this fact sheet are the most current available. Most are from research conducted by The Alan Guttmacher Institute and/or published in its peer-reviewed journals. An additional source is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

NOTE: The url at which this source was previously located contains a newer version of this web page that does not make the claim that "risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as that associated with abortion." [Web page: "Facts on Induced Abortion in the United States." Alan Guttmacher Institute, July 2008. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_induced_abortion.html]}

[131] Report: "Vital Statistics of the United States, 1989. Volume II – Mortality,

Part A." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/mort89_2a.pdf

Page 13 (in pdf):

SYMBOLS USED IN TABLES

Data not available               ---

Category not applicable      . . .

Quantity zero                      —

Page 262 (page 277 in pdf): "Table 1-25. Deaths From 282 Selected Causes, by Race — United States and Each State: 1989."

NOTE: Abortion-related mortality data provided by the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics is at variance with that provided by CDC's Division of Reproductive Health due to methodological dissimilarities. The National Center for Health Statistics is only cited here because the Division of Reproductive Health does not break down their national data on a state-by states basis. In July 2008, Just Facts filed a Freedom of Information Act Request with the CDC for this data and is awaiting a response.

[132] Report: "Vital Statistics of the United States, 1990. Volume II – Mortality,

Part A." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/mort90_2a.pdf

Page 262 (page 278 in pdf): "Table 1-25. Deaths From 282 Selected Causes, by Race — United States and Each State: 1990."

[133] Report: "Vital Statistics of the United States, 1991. Volume II – Mortality,

Part A." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/mort91_2a.pdf

Page 262 (page 278 in pdf): "Table 1-25. Deaths From 282 Selected Causes, by Race — United States and Each State: 1990."

[134] Report: "Vital Statistics of the United States, 1992. Volume II – Mortality,

Part B." National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/mort92_2b.pdf

Page 320 (Page 327 in pdf): Table 8-6: "Deaths From 72 Selected Causes, by 10-Year Age Groups, Race, and Sex."

[135] Autopsy number 89-593: "Erica Richardson." By Julia C. Goodin & others. Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland, June 28, 1989. Autopsy performed on March 3, 1989. Page 1:

DESCRIPTION OF INJURY …

Close examination of the anterior portion of the uterus showed a large irregular perforation of the anterior lower uterine wall which extended into a portion of the cervix.

Page 5:

OPINION: This, 16 year old black female, ERICA RICHARDSON, died from rupture of lower uterus and cervix with complications, including hemorrhage into the pelvic cavity surrounding the uterus and air embolism (air escaping into the vasculature and heart). According to police reports, the deceased was known to have been pregnant and this is consistent with autopsy findings. However, she had undergone and evacuation [abortion] procedure which resulted in perforation of the uterus.

[136] Article: "Teen's death after abortion brings suit." By Larry Perl. Prince George's Journal Weekly, May 30-31, 1990.

The malpractice suit claims that on the evening of March 1, 1989, Dr. Gene Crawford punctured 16-year-old Erica Kae Richardson's uterus and cervix — then left her "bleeding to death" on an operating table in his Laurel office for four hours, without monitoring vital signs.

At 10:45 p.m., Crawford carried Richardson to her aunt's car and told the aunt to "take [her] home and out her to bed," the suit states. … The aunt, deciding that her niece needed "emergency treatment," drove to Bowie Health Center, where Richardson was rushed into the emergency room at 11 p.m., in respiratory arrest, and died shortly after midnight the suit states. …

Richardson's mother … referred questions to the attorneys. …Donald McLaughlin said Richardson's aunt, Denise Crarey, helped Richardson get an abortion without telling Richardson's mother. McLaughlin added that though Crarey and Richardson's mother are sisters, they have "a very strained relationship." Crarey, a registered nurse, took Richardson first to Washington Hospital Center, which wouldn't perform the abortion because Richardson was too far along in her pregnancy, McLaughlin said.

[137] Article: "Mother is suing doctor: Daughter died after abortion." By Melanie Mader. Laurel Leader, June 29, 1990. Pages A1, 3. Page 3: "Richardson-Smith was unaware that her daughter was having an abortion until the Bowie medical center called her, McLaughlin said."

[138] Press release: "Human Life International Claims Maryland Health Department 'Ignores, Covers-Up' Abortion Deaths." PR Newswire, November 21, 1991.

Erica Richardson, 16, died March 2, 1989, just hours after an abortion was performed upon her by Dr. Gene O. Crawford at his Metropolitan Women's Center, 9811 Mallard Dr., Laurel, Md.

[139] Article: "2 Tragedies Raise Doubts About Suitland Clinic; Abortion Patient, Left Paralyzed, Files Suit." By Retha Hill. Washington Post, August 13, 1990. Page A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/

[140] Article: "2 Tragedies Raise Doubts About Suitland Clinic; Abortion Patient, Left Paralyzed, Files Suit." By Retha Hill. Washington Post, August 13, 1990. Page A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/

[141] Article: "Botched-abortion victim dies in Baltimore." Washington Times, December 2, 1992.

Susanne Logan, the Forestville woman who was paralyzed in a botched 1989 abortion at a Suitland clinic, died in Baltimore yesterday of complications from pneumonia, just three weeks after she won a multimillion-dollar settlement in her case.

[142] Article: "Pneumonia-Diseases. By Robert Baird. American Chronicle, March 02, 2008. http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/53715

[Pneumonia] is often the final complication of some other debilitating disorder, and this is why many people who get pneumonia die. Any one whose resistance is already low is very susceptible to pneumonia, so for people who are dying of heart failure, cancer, stroke or chronic bronchitis, the actual cause of death is often pneumonia. In anyone who is semi­conscious or paralyzed, infection of the lungs is extremely likely. This is because under such conditions the normal coughing reflex that keeps the lungs clear of mucus and stagnant fluid is reduced, or even absent.

[143] Book: Victims of Choice. By Kevin Sherlock. Brennyman Books, 1996. Page 134:

Gladyss Estanislao. This 28-year-old married Filipina woman, a legal secretary who lived in Prince George's County, died May 12, 1989, 17 days after Alan Ross reportedly performed a vacuum abortion on her at the Wisconsin Avenue Women's Health Care Center in Bethesda. Ross reportedly failed to diagnose Gladyss was ectopically pregnant, and then he reportedly botched the abortion.

Sources cited: Ms. Estanislao's death certificate and a 12/5/91 article in The Wanderer. {Note the discrepancy with the source below regarding the type of abortion procedure.}

[144] Article: "Sudden Death due to Rupture of Ectopic Pregnancy Concurrent With Therapeutic Abortion." By Ling Li & John E. Smialek. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, July 1993. Pages 698-700. Page 698:

In 1989, a case of sudden death secondary to EP [ectopic pregnancy] was investigated by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland, Baltimore.

Page 699:

In 1989, a 28-year-old female college student was found unresponsive on the bathroom floor near her classroom. … the subject was transported to a local hospital where she was pronounced dead on arrival.

Further investigation revealed that the woman had been seen at a clinic for a missed abortion 17 days before her death and underwent a dilation and curettage [abortion procedure]. No surgical specimen was sent to the laboratory for pathologic examination before she left the clinic. …

… A 0.3 cm rupture site was located on the lateral surface [of the left fallopian tube], surrounded by hemorrhagic tissue.

[145] Editorial: "Ectopic Pregnancy in Association With Induced Abortion: Message for the Pathologist." By Jane W. Hardman & others. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, July 1993. Pages 696-697. Page 696:

Admittedly, in each of these cases there was a failure on the part of clinicians to recognize the clinical signs of ectopic pregnancy and to follow up with the patients accordingly.

Page 697:

In summary, recommendations that are already in place, had they been followed in the cases reported by Drs Li and Smialek, should have prevented the deaths of three young women.

[146] Article: "Pregnancy." Contributor: Lynn J. Romrell (Ph.D., Associate Dean for Education and Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine). World Book Encyclopedia, 2007 Deluxe Edition.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside the uterus, usually inside the fallopian tube, the tube through which the egg passes on its way from the ovary to the uterus. The developing baby cannot survive in an ectopic pregnancy. The pregnancy may be fatal to the mother if untreated.

[147] Book: Essentials of Medical Ultrasound: A Practical Introduction to the Principles, Techniques and Biomedical Applications. Edited by Michael H. Repacholi and Deirdre A. Benwell. Humana Press, 1982. Chapter 5: "Clinical Applications of Diagnostic Ultrasound. By Edward A. Lyons. Page 176:

An important diagnosis to make it that of an ectopic pregnancy. If the pregnancy test is positive and the uterus is empty, one may be able to visualize [via ultrasound] a mass in the tube. In that instance the diagnosis of ectopic is almost 100% certain.

[148] Textbook: Ultrasound and the Fallopian Tube. Edited by Ilan E. Timor-Tritsch & Asim Kurjak. Parthenon Publishing Group, 1996. Chapter 5: "Conservative management of ectopic pregnancy based on color Doppler studies." By F. Bonilla Musoles & others. Page 29:

One of the explicit advantages of the modern pregnancy tests … is that they can be employed in the emergency room or in the office of the gynecologist. This definitely presents an advantage since, in applying this pregnancy test followed by an office ultrasound examination of the pelvis, a fast and almost always reliable diagnosis of the presence or absence of an abnormal or normal intrauterine pregnancy can be made. In the case of an ectopic pregnancy, the chances of making the diagnosis during the first visit to the gynecologist's office or the emergency room are high.

Page 51:

Even with techniques currently available, ectopic pregnancy … results in death for one of every 2000 women affected.

The incidence of ectopic pregnancies varies between 0.5 and 1% of all pregnancies.

Page 52:

In most published reports about ectopic pregnancies, the diagnosis is established by [a specialized blood test] in patients with a positive pregnancy test in whom an intrauterine [in the uterus] gestational sac, with or without recognizable embryonic structures, cannot be seen by ultrasound examination.

[149] Book: Victims of Choice. By Kevin Sherlock. Brennyman Books, 1996. Pages 166-7 contain a photocopy of this letter. It is from Stephen C. Joseph, New York City's Commissioner of Health, and is dated June 5, 1987.

[150] Report: "Abortion Surveillance -- United States, 1996." By Lisa M. Koonin and others. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, July 30, 1999. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss4804a1.htm

Data extracted from Table 19:

[151] Calculated with data from:

1) "City of New York & Boroughs: Population & Population Density from 1790." Demographia. Accessed August 2008 at